The implementation of Clean Air Actions improved air quality in Beijing, and the mass loadings of PM2.5 and numerous gaseous precursors decreased considerably. However, concentrations of particulate nitrate (p-NO3) changed slightly in wintertime aerosol and its mass fraction increased from 11.3% in 2013 to 29.8% in 2018. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of nitrate chemistry is imperative for controlling the aerosol pollution in the context of emission reductions in China. To this end, the properties of aerosol, chemistry of nitrate during the past winter seasons of Beijing (2013-2017) were investigated. Results indicated that nitrate remained entirely in the particle phase. The weak response of p-NO3- to NOx emission reduction (similar to 17.9%) was attributed to the enhanced gaseous HNO3 formation. The oxygen isotopic signatures of p-NO3- (delta O-18-NO3-) in winter 2017 of Beijing (75.0 +/- 12.6 parts per thousand) was significantly lower than that in winter 2014 (82.6 +/- 12.7 parts per thousand), but comparable with that in Puding (77.3 +/- 4.6 parts per thousand, background site of Southwest China) and Nanning (72.9 +/- 4.9 parts per thousand, urban site in South China) of winter 2017. We inferred an increased photochemistry activity in the formation ofwinter p-NO3- in Beijing recently. The enhanced photochemistry was mainly due to the increased photolysis of HONO, a major source of atmospheric hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) in polluted urban environment. The considerable generated HONO was attributed to the photolysis of p-NO3- according to delta O-18 isotopic evidence. The present study implied that the response of aerosol species to emission reductions and their feedbacks associated with the atmospheric oxidants and aerosol properties were complex and needed further investigations. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.